10 Feminine Energy Traits and How They Show Up in Everyday Life

feminine energy traits

Feminine energy traits are qualities often associated with femininity, such as empathy, intuition, creativity, emotional openness, and being comfortable giving and receiving care. Anyone can have these qualities, regardless of gender. Stress, past criticism, or difficult relationships may make some people less comfortable expressing their feelings, asking for help, or trusting others.

What Are Feminine Energy Traits?

Feminine energy traits are qualities commonly associated with femininity, such as empathy, intuition, receptivity, creativity, emotional openness, and nurturing behaviour.

For example, someone might notice when a friend seems upset, enjoy caring for people they love, or feel comfortable asking for support when they need it.

Another person may have those same qualities but find it harder to show them. They might worry about appearing weak, avoid talking about their feelings, or insist on doing everything alone.

The phrase feminine energy is popular in personal development and online discussions. It isn’t a separate psychological diagnosis or a single scientifically established personality trait. Psychology does study many of the qualities associated with it, including empathy, emotion regulation, and attachment.

And none of these qualities belong only to women. Men can be caring and emotionally open, just as women can be assertive, practical, and independent.

What Are the 10 Most Important Feminine Energy Traits?

People often describe feminine energy traits using words such as empathy, intuition, openness, and patience. But those words don’t tell you much until you see how someone behaves.

A person may be caring but find it difficult to accept help. Someone else may speak openly about their feelings but struggle to say no when others expect too much.

Here are ten qualities commonly associated with feminine energy and how they can appear in everyday life.

1. Empathy: They Notice When Someone Needs to Be Heard

Not everyone who says they’re fine looks comfortable saying it.

You may have noticed this when a friend comes over, answers your questions, but doesn’t seem interested in talking about her day. She laughs at something you say, then quickly goes quiet again.

Rather than asking several questions or trying to cheer her up, you say, “You’ve been quiet today. Do you want to talk about anything?”

She may tell you what’s bothering her. She might also say she’s tired and doesn’t feel like talking.

An empathetic response leaves room for either answer.

Some people are quick to offer advice because they want to help. Others have learned that a person may need someone to listen before they’re ready to discuss what to do.

Empathy isn’t knowing what another person feels without asking. It’s noticing that something may be wrong and caring enough to find out.

You can read more about this in our article on perspective-taking examples.

2. Intuition: They Notice Details That Don’t Quite Fit

Sometimes you feel unsure about a situation before you’ve worked out exactly why.

Perhaps you’ve been offered a new job. The salary is good, and the interviewer seems friendly. But when you ask about working hours, they give a vague answer. Later, they mention that the previous person left after only a few months.

You leave the interview feeling uncertain.

It would be easy to call that feeling intuition and immediately turn down the offer. But when you think back, you realise there were two questions nobody answered clearly.

You contact the company and ask about the usual working hours and why the position is vacant.

What people call intuition sometimes comes from noticing details that haven’t yet been fully considered.

That doesn’t mean every uneasy feeling is accurate. Past experiences and anxiety can also affect how you interpret a situation.

Our article on anxiety versus intuition explains why those feelings can be difficult to tell apart.

3. Emotional Openness: They Don’t Always Hide When Something Hurts

Some people can spend an entire evening with someone they’re upset with and never mention it.

They smile, join the conversation, and say everything is fine. Later, they go home feeling disappointed that the other person didn’t notice.

Emotional openness looks different.

Maybe a friend made plans with your group and forgot to invite you. When she calls, you say, “I felt left out when I heard everyone had gone without me.”

She explains that she thought another friend had invited you.

You might still feel hurt, but now you’re talking about what happened instead of hoping she’ll work it out herself.

Being open doesn’t mean telling everyone your private feelings. It means being able to say when you’re disappointed, worried, or happy with people you trust.

You can be honest about your feelings without making someone else responsible for fixing every one of them.

4. Receptivity: They Can Accept Care Without Feeling They Have to Earn It

There are people who will spend hours helping a friend but feel embarrassed when someone offers to do something for them.

You see it in small moments.

A woman has been looking after her mother all week. Her brother offers to prepare dinner, but she immediately says, “No, it’s fine. I’ll do it.”

She says this even though she’s tired and hasn’t had much time to herself.

Perhaps she’s used to being the one everyone depends on. Maybe she worries that accepting help will make her seem incapable.

If she lets her brother cook, nothing about her ability to care for the family changes. She’s simply allowing someone else to contribute.

This is what receptivity can look like: accepting a meal, a compliment, affection, or practical help without immediately feeling the need to give something back.

For people who have spent years feeling they must manage everything alone, receiving help can feel surprisingly uncomfortable. Our article on people living in survival mode discusses that experience.

5. Emotional Regulation: They Can Be Upset Without Making Everything an Argument

Being good at handling emotions doesn’t mean speaking all the time softly or never losing your patience.

You may know someone who gets angry but can still explain what’s bothering them.

For example, a couple is getting ready for a family visit. One partner makes a dismissive comment about the other’s plans.

She becomes annoyed and says, “I didn’t like the way you said that.”

Her partner starts explaining what he meant, but they’re already running late. She replies, “I want to talk about it, but not while we’re rushing out of the door.”

She’s still upset. She hasn’t decided the comment was acceptable.

She’s noticed that continuing the argument while they’re both stressed probably won’t help.

Emotional regulation can also mean recognising when you’ve spoken harshly and returning later to apologise.

Research by Gross and John (2003) examined how different ways of managing emotions relate to well-being and relationships.[1] Emotional regulation is a human skill, not something limited to feminine energy.

6. Creativity: They Enjoy Making Things Without Needing a Result

Some people enjoy creating things but stop because they think they aren’t good enough at them.

A woman who loved painting at school might still have brushes tucked away in a cupboard. Every time she thinks about using them, she remembers how long it’s been and worries that her paintings won’t turn out well.

One afternoon, she takes them out and paints the view from her kitchen window.

She doesn’t post the painting online or ask anyone whether it’s good. She simply likes spending the afternoon doing it.

Creativity isn’t always about producing something impressive.

You may see it in someone who enjoys arranging flowers, trying new recipes, decorating a room, writing stories, or making music.

The pleasure often comes from doing the activity itself.

This quality isn’t exclusive to women, and it doesn’t need to be described as feminine to be valuable. But creativity is one of the traits frequently included in discussions of feminine energy.

7. Vulnerability: They Can Admit When They’re Struggling

It’s common to answer “I’m fine” without stopping to think about whether that’s true.

Sometimes people say it because they don’t want to burden anyone. Others have had experiences where opening up led to criticism or unwanted advice.

Imagine a woman who has recently moved to a new city. She tells her family everything is going well, but most evenings she feels lonely.

When her sister calls, she finally says, “I’m finding it harder to settle in than I expected. I miss everyone.”

Her sister may not be able to change the situation, but now she understands what’s happening.

Vulnerability can be as ordinary as admitting you’re lonely, asking someone to stay with you during a difficult appointment, or telling a friend you don’t know what to do.

It doesn’t mean sharing personal information with everyone.

Some people have earned your trust. Others haven’t. Being open also includes deciding who you’re comfortable opening up to.

8. Nurturing: They Care for People Without Taking Over Their Lives

Caring for someone can easily turn into doing everything for them, especially when you hate seeing them struggle.

A mother notices that her teenage daughter is worried about a school presentation.

Her first thought is to write the presentation for her, check every slide, and make sure nothing goes wrong.

Instead, she asks, “Which part are you finding difficult?”

Her daughter says she’s nervous about speaking in front of the class.

They practise the opening together, and the daughter finishes preparing the rest herself.

The mother is still helping, but she’s allowing her daughter to learn something too.

Nurturing may involve listening, preparing a meal for someone unwell, remembering what matters to a friend, or offering practical support.

It doesn’t always mean stepping in or making decisions for another person.

The circle of control and influence can help explain the difference between supporting someone and taking responsibility for everything they do.

9. Patience: They Give People Time Without Putting Their Own Needs Aside

Patience becomes easier to recognise when things aren’t going according to plan.

A grandfather is showing his granddaughter how to ride a bicycle. She gets frustrated and wants to give up after falling several times.

He doesn’t keep telling her she’s doing it wrong. He suggests a short break, then asks whether she’d like to try again.

He’s giving her time to learn instead of expecting her to get it right immediately.

But patience can mean something different in relationships.

If a friend repeatedly arrives an hour late, you don’t have to keep waiting simply to prove you’re patient.

You might tell her, “I can wait fifteen minutes, but after that I’ll need to leave.”

You can understand that someone has difficulties without ignoring how their behaviour affects you.

Patience isn’t about accepting everything quietly. It’s knowing when someone needs time and when something needs to change.

10. Self-Trust: They Don’t Need Everyone to Agree With Their Choices

It’s easy to feel confident about a decision until someone you care about questions it.

Suppose a woman decides to leave a well-paid job for one with more predictable hours.

Her parents think she’s making a mistake. A friend says she should stay because the salary is better.

She listens to their concerns and checks her finances again. She also remembers how often she worked late, missed family events, and struggled to make plans.

After considering both jobs, she still decides to leave.

She isn’t ignoring everyone else’s advice. She’s using it to check her decision rather than asking other people to make the decision for her.

Self-trust can mean admitting when you don’t know something, asking for advice, and still making the final choice yourself.

It also includes being willing to change your mind when you’ve missed an important detail.

Our article on signs of high self-awareness looks at how understanding your own feelings and habits can help you make choices that suit your life.

What Can Make Feminine Energy Traits Harder to Express?

Sometimes you know how you’d like to behave but find yourself doing something else.

You want to accept help, yet you say you’ll manage alone. You want to tell your partner you’re upset, but you keep quiet because you don’t want another disagreement.

There can be different reasons for this.

1. When You’re Used to Doing Everything Yourself

You organise family events, remember birthdays, help friends with their problems, and keep track of everyone’s plans.

People praise you for being dependable.

But when someone offers to do something for you, you feel uncomfortable accepting.

You might worry that they’ll do it incorrectly or that you’ll somehow owe them afterward.

This doesn’t mean your feminine energy is blocked. It may mean you’ve become used to relying on yourself and find it difficult to let someone else take over a task.

2. When Showing Feelings Hasn’t Gone Well Before

Perhaps you once told someone that their words hurt you, and they laughed or accused you of being dramatic.

The next time something bothers you, you think carefully before saying anything.

You might decide it isn’t worth mentioning.

When that happens repeatedly, staying quiet can become familiar, even in relationships where someone might be willing to listen.

Our article on childhood emotional neglect discusses how early experiences may affect the way some people understand and express their feelings.

3. When You’re Tired or Under Stress

After a long workday, you may have less patience for a family disagreement or little interest in doing something creative.

You might want to spend time with people but find yourself wishing everyone would leave you alone for the evening.

That doesn’t mean you’ve lost empathy, creativity, or the ability to connect.

Sometimes you’re simply tired.

If you often find it difficult to relax even when there’s nothing urgent to do, our article on why you can’t relax when nothing is wrong looks at that experience.

Stress and past experiences can affect emotional behaviour, but there isn’t an established psychological test that can tell someone their feminine energy is blocked.

Why Can Feminine Energy Traits Feel Hard to Express?

You might find it easy to care for other people but uncomfortable when someone wants to look after you. Or you may want a close relationship but struggle to tell your partner what’s bothering you.

Some people describe these experiences as blocked feminine energy. But they can also reflect familiar habits, past experiences, or difficulty trusting others.

Being caring, creative, or emotionally open isn’t always the problem. Sometimes it’s how comfortable you feel showing those parts of yourself around other people.

When You’ve Learned to Keep Your Feelings to Yourself

A woman tells her partner that everything is fine, even though she’s upset about something he said earlier.

She doesn’t want another argument, so she carries on with the evening. But when he makes a similar comment a few days later, she becomes angry.

Her partner is surprised. He thought the earlier disagreement had been settled.

She may have learned to stay quiet because speaking about her feelings led to criticism in the past.

For example, a child who was regularly told to stop crying might grow up feeling embarrassed when they become emotional. As an adult, they may apologise for crying or quickly change the subject when a conversation becomes personal.

Psychologists James Gross and Oliver John (2003) studied how people manage their emotions. They found that people who regularly hid their emotional expressions tended to report poorer relationships and lower well-being than those who used other ways of managing emotions.[1]

That doesn’t mean keeping something private is unhealthy. Sometimes people simply don’t want to talk. The difficulty comes when someone repeatedly hides feelings they would like to share.

Our article on healing from childhood criticism looks at how earlier experiences can affect the way people respond to criticism and express themselves.

When You’re Used to Doing Everything Alone

Some women are comfortable helping everyone around them but find it surprisingly difficult to accept help themselves.

A woman may spend her weekend shopping for the family, preparing meals, and checking on relatives.

When her sister offers to cook dinner, she says, “No, I’ll do it.”

She says this even though she’s tired.

Perhaps she’s used to being the dependable one. Maybe she worries that the meal won’t be prepared the way she wants, or she feels guilty resting while someone else is working.

After a while, people may stop offering because she turns down their help every time.

What is sometimes called blocked feminine energy may involve difficulty receiving care, asking for support, or allowing someone else to take over.

This doesn’t mean being independent is unhealthy. The concern is when someone wants help but feels unable to ask for it or accept it.

You may recognise similar habits in our article on people stuck in survival mode, which discusses why some people find it difficult to rest or stop taking responsibility for everything.

How Can Trauma Affect Emotional Openness and Relationships?

Someone can want a close relationship and still feel uncomfortable when another person gets emotionally close.

Imagine a woman who has been dating someone for a few months. She enjoys his company and looks forward to seeing him.

But when he asks about her childhood or offers support during a difficult week, she changes the subject.

She may tell herself she doesn’t want to depend on anyone, even though she wishes she felt more comfortable opening up.

There could be different reasons for this. She may prefer privacy, need more time to trust him, or have experienced relationships where sharing personal feelings didn’t go well.

Attachment researchers Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver (2016) describe how people’s experiences in close relationships can affect the way they deal with emotions, seek support, and respond to closeness.[2]

Their work helps explain why emotional openness may feel easier in some relationships than others. It doesn’t mean that everyone who avoids personal conversations has trauma.

Research by Butler and colleagues (2003) also found that hiding emotional expressions during difficult conversations could make communication harder and increase stress during the interaction.[3]

For example, someone may feel upset during a conversation but keep smiling and saying, “It’s fine.” The other person may not realise anything is wrong, leaving both of them confused when the issue comes up later.

If earlier relationships involved frequent criticism, rejection, or broken trust, someone may take longer to feel comfortable sharing personal things.

Our article on emotional dysregulation signs in adults explains how some people experience and respond to difficult emotions.

Trauma doesn’t mean someone has lost their feminine energy. They may still be loving, thoughtful, and creative while finding certain parts of relationships difficult.

For some people, becoming more comfortable with emotional openness starts with small changes: telling a trusted person when they’re upset, accepting an offer of help, or noticing when they want to withdraw from a conversation.

They don’t have to force themselves to share everything. Trust can develop gradually, and not everyone needs the same amount of closeness or support.

What Can Emotional Disconnection Look Like in Everyday Life?

Sometimes you don’t realise how much you’ve been holding back until you notice changes in your usual behaviour.

You might come home from work feeling exhausted but still feel you should be doing something useful. When someone asks whether you need help, you say no, even though you’d like a break.

Or you may find yourself spending a long time making small decisions. You ask several people for their opinions because you’re worried about making the wrong choice. Even after deciding, you wonder whether you should have chosen differently.

Relationships can feel difficult, too. You might want your partner to understand how you’re feeling but say “nothing” when they ask what’s wrong. Later, you feel disappointed that they didn’t notice.

You may also stop making time for things you once enjoyed, such as reading, painting, meeting friends, or going for walks. Not because you no longer care about them, but because you’re tired or feel there’s always something more important to finish.

These experiences can happen for many reasons, including stress, low mood, difficult relationships, or simply having too much to manage. They don’t prove that someone has blocked feminine energy.

If your feelings sometimes seem difficult to manage, our article on emotional dysregulation signs in adults explains how people may struggle with strong emotions or find it difficult to understand what they’re feeling.

Increase Instagram Shares, Comparing Intuitive or Analytical Thinkers, feminine energy traits

How Can You Develop Feminine Energy Traits?

You don’t need to change your personality to become more caring, creative, or comfortable with your feelings.

It may be more useful to notice the ordinary situations where these qualities are already present and the moments when you hold back.

1. Notice When You Say You’re Fine but Aren’t

A friend asks whether something is bothering you. You say no, even though you’ve been upset about a conversation you had earlier.

Later, you may wish you’d told her.

You don’t need to tell everyone how you feel. But with someone you trust, you could try saying, “Something’s been on my mind. Can I tell you about it?”

2. Accept Help With One Small Thing

Someone offers to carry the shopping while you unlock the door.

Instead of saying, “No, it’s fine,” you let them hold a bag.

It may seem like a small thing. But if you’re used to refusing every offer, you may notice how quickly you feel the need to prove you can manage alone.

3. Make Time for Something You Enjoy

You might decide to spend twenty minutes gardening on a Saturday morning or try a new recipe because you want to.

If you keep thinking about other jobs you should finish, notice that too.

You can have responsibilities and still make time for interests that don’t need to achieve anything.

4. Say What You Need Without Apologising for Asking

You’ve had a busy week, and a friend invites you out.

You want to see her, but you need a quiet evening.

You could say, “I’d love to catch up, but I’m tired tonight. Are you free on Sunday?”

You haven’t rejected your friend or made her responsible for your tiredness. You’ve been clear about what you can manage.

5. Look at How You Make Decisions

You ask three friends whether you should buy a particular dress. They all have different opinions, and now you’re more confused.

You could ask yourself whether you like wearing it, whether it fits comfortably, and whether you can afford it.

Other people’s views may be useful, but they don’t always need to choose for you.

How Does Balanced Feminine Energy Help With Finding Purpose in Life?

Some people spend so much time meeting other people’s expectations that they rarely stop to consider what they want for themselves.

A woman might have a successful job, a busy social life, and a family that’s proud of her. But lately, she’s been wondering whether she wants to keep working the same hours.

When she mentions taking a less demanding role, her family reminds her how hard she worked to reach her current position.

She understands their concerns. She also knows that she misses having time to paint, visit friends, and enjoy her weekends without thinking about work.

Instead of making a quick decision, she looks at her finances, considers other jobs, and thinks about what she’d like her days to look like.

People sometimes describe this as finding balance in their feminine energy. In everyday terms, she’s making room for things she enjoys while still considering her responsibilities.

Finding purpose in life doesn’t always mean discovering a completely new path. Sometimes it means recognising that something that suited you five years ago no longer fits the life you want now.

Our article on signs of high self-awareness looks at how understanding your needs, habits, and choices can help you make decisions that feel right for you.

What Mistakes Do People Make With Feminine Energy Work?

When someone decides they want to become more feminine, they may start changing how they dress, speak, or behave around other people.

There’s nothing wrong with enjoying a particular style or wanting to explore a different side of yourself. But problems can arise when you start doing things that make you uncomfortable because you think that’s how a feminine person should behave.

1. Thinking Being Feminine Means Agreeing With Everyone

A woman starts trying to be more gentle in her relationships. When her partner suggests plans she doesn’t like, she agrees because she thinks disagreeing will make her seem difficult.

After several weeks, she’s annoyed that they never do anything she enjoys.

Being kind doesn’t mean giving up your preferences. She can say, “I’d rather do something else this weekend,” without being rude or starting an argument.

2. Trying to Stay Calm All the Time

Some people begin treating anger or frustration as proof that they’re not emotionally balanced.

A woman feels upset because her coworker keeps interrupting her. She tells herself to stay calm and says nothing.

Eventually, she snaps during a meeting.

Her anger wasn’t necessarily the problem. She may have needed to address the interruptions earlier, when she could explain what was bothering her.

Our article on emotional dysregulation signs in adults discusses difficulties with managing emotions. Feeling angry, however, doesn’t automatically mean someone has a problem with emotional regulation.

3. Changing Yourself to Keep Someone Interested

A woman reads that feminine energy means allowing a partner to lead.

She begins hiding her opinions, waiting for him to make every decision, and pretending she’s comfortable with arrangements she doesn’t like.

She may think this will make the relationship better, but her partner isn’t getting to know what she actually wants.

There’s a difference between enjoying a relationship where someone takes the lead and feeling that you must stay quiet to be loved.

4. Confusing an Intense Relationship With a Close One

Someone starts dating a person who is very affectionate one week but distant the next.

The relationship feels exciting, partly because she never knows whether he’ll call or make plans.

She begins describing the strong emotions as proof of a special connection.

But intensity doesn’t tell her whether the relationship is caring or reliable. She may need to look at how the person treats her over time, not only how strongly she feels when things are going well.

Our article on the stages of trauma bonding recovery discusses a more serious pattern involving harmful relationship dynamics. Not every intense or inconsistent relationship is a trauma bond.

5. Forcing Yourself to Be Softer Than You Feel

A woman who is naturally outspoken decides she needs to speak more softly and stop disagreeing with people.

At first, she feels pleased that she’s becoming more feminine. But soon, conversations become tiring because she’s constantly checking her words and hiding her opinions.

She may enjoy being gentle in some situations and direct in others. Neither needs to be treated as a failure.

Developing feminine energy traits shouldn’t mean pretending to be someone else. You can become more open, patient, or comfortable accepting help without losing the qualities you already value in yourself.

Common Myths About Feminine Energy Traits

1. Feminine Energy Is Only for Women

Empathy, creativity, patience, and emotional openness aren’t limited to women. People of any gender can express these qualities.

2. Feminine Energy Means Being Passive

Being caring doesn’t require agreeing with everyone.

You can listen to someone’s feelings and still disagree with their decision. You can be gentle when speaking and still say no.

3. Being Feminine Means Always Staying Calm

Nobody stays calm all the time.

You can become angry, disappointed, or upset and still be a caring person. How you deal with those feelings matters more than pretending they aren’t there.

4. Strong Women Have Too Much Masculine Energy

Being independent, ambitious, organised, or confident doesn’t mean a woman has lost an important part of herself.

You can enjoy leading a team at work and also enjoy being cared for at home.

The idea that every behaviour must be classified as masculine or feminine can make ordinary personality differences seem like problems that need fixing.

Conclusion

Feminine energy traits are often described as empathy, intuition, creativity, patience, and being comfortable with care and emotions.

You may recognise these qualities in the way you listen to a friend, accept help from someone you trust, enjoy a creative interest, or speak up when something bothers you.

Some may come naturally to you. Others may feel more difficult, depending on your habits, relationships, and experiences.

You don’t need to become softer, quieter, or less independent to express them. You can be caring and still have boundaries, open about your feelings and still value your privacy, or willing to accept help while remaining capable of making your own decisions.

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Frequently Asked Questions About Feminine Energy Traits

What are feminine energy traits?

Feminine energy traits are qualities commonly associated with femininity, such as empathy, intuition, creativity, receptivity, patience, and emotional openness. These qualities can be expressed by people of any gender.

What are the signs of strong feminine energy?

Someone might be comfortable expressing feelings, offering care, accepting support, or making time for creative interests. These behaviours may be described as feminine energy, but there’s no established psychological test for measuring how much feminine energy a person has.

Can men have feminine energy traits?

Yes. Men can be empathetic, nurturing, creative, patient, and emotionally open. These are human qualities, not abilities limited to one gender.

Can trauma affect feminine energy?

Difficult experiences can affect how comfortable someone feels trusting others, asking for help, or expressing emotions. But trauma doesn’t automatically mean someone has blocked feminine energy, and that phrase isn’t a clinical diagnosis.

How can I develop feminine energy traits?

You might start by expressing feelings more openly with people you trust, accepting help when you need it, making time for creativity, and becoming more comfortable saying what you want. These are ordinary habits that can be developed without changing your identity.

What is the difference between feminine energy and masculine energy?

In popular self-development discussions, feminine energy is often associated with care, creativity, and receptivity, while masculine energy is associated with action, structure, and assertiveness. These are cultural descriptions, not two scientifically established energy systems or fixed personality types.

Is feminine energy the same as emotional intelligence?

No. Emotional intelligence is a psychological concept involving abilities related to emotions. Feminine energy is a broader cultural or personal-development term. Some qualities associated with feminine energy overlap with emotional skills, but the terms aren’t interchangeable.

  1. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 ↩︎
  2. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ↩︎
  3. Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion, 3(1), 48–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48 ↩︎

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